Where the water shows up tells you where it came from. Zone A at the cove, Zone B two courses and above, Zone C through the slab, plus the high water table flags that require an engineer no matter what.

Deterioration is a loss of material capacity, not a movement problem. How to read brick and stone foundation walls, what parging and paneling hide, and when to bring in a professional.

The footing dropped or rotated, and it is routinely misdiagnosed as lateral movement. How to tell settlement from base shear, what the curb tells you about the soil, and why settlement belongs with a licensed engineer.

A block wall moves inward three ways, and each one leaves a different signature. Diagrams, field photos, how to tell old movement from active movement, and what to check on existing braces.

How to measure wall deflection the way the code measures it, the four numbers the Wisconsin standard turns on, a recommendation-by-condition table, and the one-page field checklist from the WAHI presentation.

Every foundation defect you find in a Wisconsin basement fits one of four buckets. Here is the crack pattern table, and why our soils, water and frost make movement the expected outcome.